(English_MFA_dictionary_v2_2_1)=
# English MFA dictionary v2.2.1

``````{dictionary} English MFA dictionary v2.2.1
:id: "English MFA dictionary v2_2_1"
:tags: English;MFA;IPA
:language: "English"
:dialect: N/A
:layout: mfa
:template: dictionary_template
:phoneset: "MFA"
:license: "CC BY 4.0"

   ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/english/mfa/v2.2.1/README.md
    :start-after: "## Dictionary details"
    :end-before: "## Installation"
   ```

   ```{admonition} Acoustic models
   * {ref}`english_mfa_acoustic_model_v2_2_1`
   ```

``````

```{include} ../../../../dictionary/english/mfa/v2.2.1/README.md
:start-after: "new)."
```

## IPA Charts

### Consonants

Obstruent symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

``````{list-table}
:header-rows: 1
:stub-columns: 1
:class: consonant_chart table-striped table-bordered

* - Manner
  - Labial
  - Labiodental
  - Dental
  - Alveolar
  - Alveopalatal
  - Palatal
  - Velar
  - Glottal
* - {manner}`Nasal`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * m
        * Occurrences: 39,779
        * Examples
          * hon: [h m ɔ n]
          * pomp: [pʰ ɔ m p]
          * limer: [l aj m ə]
          * scams: [s k a m z]
      * mʲ
        * Occurrences: 8,153
        * Examples
          * sami: [s ɑː mʲ i]
          * mute: [mʲ uː t]
          * foamy: [f ow mʲ i]
          * ameba: [a mʲ iː b a]
      * m̩
        * Occurrences: 3
        * Examples
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * n
        * Occurrences: 77,890
        * Examples
          * haven: [ç e v ɛ n]
          * hench: [h ɛ n tʃ]
          * jeans: [dʒ iː n z]
          * joned: [dʒ ow n d]
      * n̩
        * Occurrences: 72
        * Examples
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ɲ
        * Occurrences: 15,838
        * Examples
          * bonny: [b ɑ ɲ i]
          * dini: [dʲ iː ɲ i]
          * handy: [h a ɲ dʲ i]
          * joni: [dʒ ow ɲ i]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ŋ
        * Occurrences: 15,459
        * Examples
          * huang: [w ɑ ŋ]
          * fling: [f ʎ i ŋ ɡ]
          * angst: [a ŋ k s t]
          * ingle: [ɪ ŋ ɡ ə ɫ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Stop`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * p
        * Occurrences: 20,995
        * Examples
          * shlep: [ʃ l ɛ p]
          * aspis: [a s p ɪ s]
          * scrip: [s c ɹ i p]
          * helps: [h ɛ ɫ p s]
    * voiced
      * b
        * Occurrences: 25,566
        * Examples
          * medb: [m ɛ b]
          * back: [b æ k]
          * banat: [b ə ɲ æ t]
          * bogie: [b ow ɟ i]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * t̪
        * Occurrences: 98
        * Examples
    * voiced
      * d̪
        * Occurrences: 103
        * Examples
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * t
        * Occurrences: 52,344
        * Examples
          * doped: [d ow p t]
          * vitro: [vʲ iː t ɹ ow]
          * mott: [m ɑ t]
          * octa: [ɒ k t ə]
    * voiced
      * d
        * Occurrences: 39,638
        * Examples
          * maud: [m ɒː d]
          * dust: [d ɐ s t]
          * roid: [ɹ ɔj d]
          * fraud: [f ɹ ɒ d]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * c
        * Occurrences: 9,117
        * Examples
          * mcrae: [m ə c ɹ ej]
          * tacky: [tʰ æ c i]
          * cleef: [c ʎ iː f]
          * skink: [s c ɪ ŋ k]
    * voiced
      * ɟ
        * Occurrences: 4,540
        * Examples
          * ogry: [əw ɟ ɹ i]
          * bogey: [b ow ɟ i]
          * pogey: [pʰ o ɟ i]
          * grep: [ɟ ɹ ɛ p]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * k
        * Occurrences: 32,534
        * Examples
          * inked: [ɪ ŋ k t]
          * likes: [l aj k s]
          * hoch: [h ɑ k]
          * fixes: [fʲ ɪ k s ɪ z]
    * voiced
      * ɡ
        * Occurrences: 17,059
        * Examples
          * digha: [d aj ɡ ɑː]
          * hang: [h a ŋ ɡ]
          * glued: [ɡ l uː ɾ]
          * groom: [ɡ ɹ ʉː m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʔ
        * Occurrences: 435
        * Examples
          * that: [ð a ʔ]
          * jet: [dʒ ɛ ʔ]
          * sight: [s aj ʔ]
          * rate: [ɹ ej ʔ]
    ```
* - {manner}`Affricate`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * tʃ
        * Occurrences: 7,118
        * Examples
          * macho: [m ɑ tʃ ow]
          * chu: [tʃ u]
          * chalk: [tʃ ɔ k]
          * chevy: [tʃ ɛ vʲ i]
    * voiced
      * dʒ
        * Occurrences: 11,759
        * Examples
          * drank: [dʒ æ ŋ k]
          * bejan: [bʲ iː dʒ ə n]
          * geo: [dʒ i ow]
          * joann: [dʒ əw a n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Sibilant`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * s
        * Occurrences: 81,177
        * Examples
          * clits: [c ʎ ɪ t s]
          * afc: [ej ɛ f s iː]
          * bacs: [b æ k s]
          * syria: [s ɪ ɹ i ə]
    * voiced
      * z
        * Occurrences: 33,048
        * Examples
          * lodz: [l ɒ d z]
          * rinds: [ɹ aj n d z]
          * cise: [s aj z]
          * starz: [s t ɑː z]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʃ
        * Occurrences: 16,175
        * Examples
          * mesh: [m ɛ ʃ]
          * plush: [p l ɐ ʃ]
          * ashen: [æ ʃ ɪ n]
          * shod: [ʃ ɑ d]
    * voiced
      * ʒ
        * Occurrences: 893
        * Examples
          * azusa: [a ʒ ʉː z ə]
          * uzhe: [j ʉː ʒ]
          * azure: [a ʒ ɒː]
          * niger: [ɲ iː ʒ ɛ ɹ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Fricative`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * f
        * Occurrences: 18,520
        * Examples
          * rfk: [ɑ ɹ ɛ f cʰ ej]
          * lief: [ʎ iː f]
          * stfan: [s t ɛ f æ n]
          * ruft: [ɹ ɔ f t]
      * fʲ
        * Occurrences: 5,062
        * Examples
          * flick: [fʲ ʎ ɪ k]
          * feu: [fʲ ʉː]
          * fink: [fʲ i ŋ k]
          * filly: [fʲ ɪ ʎ i]
      * fʷ
        * Occurrences: 3
        * Examples
          * fwoom: [fʷ ʉː m]
    * voiced
      * v
        * Occurrences: 13,831
        * Examples
          * valle: [v a ʎ iː]
          * clive: [k l aj v]
          * wave: [w e v]
          * var: [v ɑ ɹ]
      * vʲ
        * Occurrences: 3,112
        * Examples
          * vela: [vʲ iː l ə]
          * vena: [vʲ iː n ə]
          * heavy: [h ɛ vʲ i]
          * livid: [ʎ ɪ vʲ ɪ d]
      * vʷ
        * Occurrences: 8
        * Examples
          * vworp: [vʷ ɒː p]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * θ
        * Occurrences: 5,857
        * Examples
          * thay: [θ ej]
          * berth: [b aː θ]
          * maths: [m æ θ s]
          * oaths: [əw θ s]
    * voiced
      * ð
        * Occurrences: 1,368
        * Examples
          * oaths: [əw ð z]
          * thy: [ð aj]
          * their: [ð ɛ ɹ]
          * thou: [ð əw]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ç
        * Occurrences: 2,158
        * Examples
          * hinny: [ç i ɲ i]
          * waihi: [w aj ç iː]
          * gyro: [ç ɪ ɹ ow]
          * hick: [ç i k]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * h
        * Occurrences: 8,540
        * Examples
          * hmm: [h ə m]
          * nihoa: [ɲ iː h əw ə]
          * whom: [h uː m]
          * hoyle: [h ɔj ɫ]
    ```
* - {manner}`Approximant`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * w
        * Occurrences: 9,197
        * Examples
          * blois: [b ɫ w a]
          * wined: [w aj n d]
          * wonka: [w ɐ ŋ k ə]
          * whos: [w ʉː z]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ɹ
        * Occurrences: 69,939
        * Examples
          * paria: [pʰ ə ɹ aj ə]
          * bargo: [b ɑ ɹ ɡ ow]
          * forma: [f ɒ ɹ m ə]
          * braai: [b ɹ aj]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * j
        * Occurrences: 3,280
        * Examples
          * utica: [j ʉː tʲ ɪ k ə]
          * yee: [j i]
          * yer: [j ɝ]
          * abaya: [ə b ej j ə]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Tap`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ɾ
        * Occurrences: 478
        * Examples
          * read: [ɹ ɛ ɾ]
          * code: [kʰ əw ɾ]
          * honor: [ɒ ɾ̃ ə]
          * lord: [l ɒː ɾ]
      * ɾʲ
        * Occurrences: 70
        * Examples
          * ready: [ɹ ɛ ɾʲ i]
          * idea: [aj ɾʲ j ə]
          * added: [a ɾʲ ɪ ɾ]
          * body: [b ɒ ɾʲ i]
      * ɾ̃
        * Occurrences: 67
        * Examples
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Lateral`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * l
        * Occurrences: 29,417
        * Examples
          * slur: [s l ɝ]
          * plays: [p l e z]
          * claus: [k l ɒː s]
          * malar: [m ej l ə]
      * ɫ
        * Occurrences: 24,653
        * Examples
          * ideal: [aj dʲ iː a ɫ]
          * tile: [tʰ aj ɫ]
          * jell: [dʒ ɛ ɫ]
          * mohel: [m əw ɛ ɫ]
      * ɫ̩
        * Occurrences: 58
        * Examples
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ʎ
        * Occurrences: 20,831
        * Examples
          * listi: [ʎ i s tʲ i]
          * oglio: [əw ʎ əw]
          * paley: [pʰ ej ʎ i]
          * linc: [ʎ ɪ ŋ k]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
``````


### Vowels

Vowel symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

``````{list-table}
:header-rows: 1
:stub-columns: 1
:class: vowel_chart table-striped table-bordered

* -
  - Front
  - Near-Front
  - Central
  - Near-Back
  - Back
* - Close
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * i
        * Occurrences: 63,712
        * Examples
          * petri: [pʰ ɛ tʲ ɹ i]
          * wiley: [w aj ʎ i]
          * cali: [cʰ æ ʎ i]
          * beef: [bʲ i f]
      * iː
        * Occurrences: 17,090
        * Examples
          * slc: [ɛ s ɛ ɫ s iː]
          * ipcc: [aj pʰ iː s iː s iː]
          * chico: [ʃ iː k ow]
          * gci: [dʒ iː s iː aj]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * ʉ
        * Occurrences: 2,829
        * Examples
          * nehru: [ɲ ej ɹ ʉ]
          * sotho: [s ʉ tʰ ʉ]
          * fluke: [f l ʉ k]
          * mutsu: [m ʊ t s ʉ]
      * ʉː
        * Occurrences: 8,244
        * Examples
          * educe: [ɪ dʲ ʉː s]
          * loom: [l ʉː m]
          * supra: [s ʉː p ɹ ə]
          * ploom: [p l ʉː m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * u
        * Occurrences: 4,034
        * Examples
          * lujvo: [l u ʃ v o]
          * apus: [e p u s]
          * caput: [kʰ a p u t]
          * sinus: [s aj n u s]
      * uː
        * Occurrences: 4,665
        * Examples
          * taboo: [tʰ a b uː]
          * neuk: [ɲ uː k]
          * tuam: [tʰ uː a m]
          * vertu: [v aː tʰ uː]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɪ
        * Occurrences: 72,843
        * Examples
          * blink: [b ʎ ɪ ŋ k]
          * akin: [ɐ c ɪ n]
          * silt: [s ɪ ɫ t]
          * grim: [ɟ ɹ ɪ m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * ʊ
        * Occurrences: 8,061
        * Examples
          * uttar: [ʊ t ɚ]
          * tunde: [tʰ ʊ n d e]
          * lure: [ʎ ʊ ə]
          * mure: [m ʊ ɹ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Close-Mid
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * e
        * Occurrences: 7,660
        * Examples
          * rave: [ɹ e v]
          * acog: [e kʰ a ɡ]
          * phase: [f e z]
          * meiji: [m e dʒ i]
      * ej
        * Occurrences: 17,268
        * Examples
          * bae: [b ej]
          * naomi: [ɲ ej ə mʲ i]
          * copay: [kʰ ow pʰ ej]
          * mayor: [m ej ɹ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * o
        * Occurrences: 7,002
        * Examples
          * soc: [s o ʃ]
          * yobbo: [j ɔ b o]
          * owens: [o w ɛ n z]
          * bone: [b o n]
      * ow
        * Occurrences: 10,089
        * Examples
          * boden: [b ow d ə n]
          * sonia: [s ow ɲ i ə]
          * throw: [θ ɹ ow]
          * tote: [tʰ ow t]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ə
        * Occurrences: 86,311
        * Examples
          * ryan: [ɹ aj ə n]
          * berat: [b ə ɹ a t]
          * ongar: [ɒ ŋ ɡ ə]
          * haifa: [ç ej f ə]
      * ɚ
        * Occurrences: 9,815
        * Examples
          * liter: [ʎ iː t ɚ]
          * tuner: [tʰ ʉː n ɚ]
          * your: [j ɚ]
          * enter: [ɛ n t ɚ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Open-Mid
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɛ
        * Occurrences: 46,399
        * Examples
          * fret: [f ɹ ɛ t]
          * tens: [tʰ ɛ n z]
          * yet's: [j ɛ t s]
          * nello: [n ɛ l ow]
      * ɛː
        * Occurrences: 1,565
        * Examples
          * bear: [b ɛː]
          * khmer: [kʰ ə m ɛː]
          * aires: [ɛː z]
          * aire: [ɛː]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɜ
        * Occurrences: 308
        * Examples
          * murr: [m ɜ]
          * furor: [fʲ ɜ ɹ ə]
          * circe: [s ɜ s i]
          * turku: [tʰ ɜ k ʉː]
      * ɜː
        * Occurrences: 3,191
        * Examples
          * pasir: [pʰ ə s ɜː]
          * yrneh: [ɜː ɲ i]
          * wurtz: [w ɜː t s]
          * wurst: [v ɜː s t]
      * ɝ
        * Occurrences: 3,490
        * Examples
          * viera: [vʲ iː ɝ ə]
          * vert: [v ɝ t]
          * fern: [f ɝ n]
          * rural: [ɹ ɝ ə ɫ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * ɔ
        * Occurrences: 23,458
        * Examples
          * tubby: [tʰ ɔ bʲ i]
          * maud: [m ɔ d]
          * pork: [pʰ ɔ k]
          * agora: [a ɡ ɔ ɹ a]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * æ
        * Occurrences: 15,904
        * Examples
          * slams: [s l æ m z]
          * graf: [ɡ ɹ æ f]
          * patty: [pʰ æ tʲ i]
          * acids: [æ s ɪ d z]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɐ
        * Occurrences: 10,496
        * Examples
          * sudds: [s ɐ d z]
          * rutch: [ɹ ɐ tʃ]
          * zuppa: [z ɐ p ə]
          * brush: [b ɹ ɐ ʃ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Open
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * a
        * Occurrences: 47,485
        * Examples
          * arc: [a k]
          * caron: [kʰ a ə n]
          * mega: [m ɛ ɡ a]
          * fanon: [f a n u n]
      * aː
        * Occurrences: 2,143
        * Examples
          * yrneh: [aː ɲ i]
          * overt: [o v aː t]
          * earl: [aː ɫ]
          * adieu: [a dʲ aː]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɑ
        * Occurrences: 11,027
        * Examples
          * tonia: [tʰ ɑ ɲ i ə]
          * zohar: [z ow h ɑ ɹ]
          * dobbs: [d ɑ b z]
          * jot: [dʒ ɑ t]
      * ɑː
        * Occurrences: 7,178
        * Examples
          * short: [ʃ ɑː t]
          * horse: [h ɑː s]
          * ala: [ɑː l ə]
          * anput: [ɑː n pʰ ʊ t]
    * rounded
      * ɒ
        * Occurrences: 14,872
        * Examples
          * goth: [ɡ ɒ θ]
          * ogle: [ɒ ɡ ə ɫ]
          * frock: [f ɹ ɒ k]
          * cores: [kʰ ɒ ɹ z]
      * ɒː
        * Occurrences: 5,776
        * Examples
          * yaws: [j ɒː z]
          * audi: [ɒː dʲ i]
          * utahn: [j ʉː tʰ ɒː n]
          * porto: [pʰ ɒː tʰ əw]
    ```
``````


#### Diphthongs

* {ipa_inline}`aj`
* {ipa_inline}`aw`
* {ipa_inline}`ej`
* {ipa_inline}`ow`
* {ipa_inline}`ɔj`
* {ipa_inline}`əw`